Persian Motorcycle Club --موتور سيکلت --www.motorkadeh.com-موتورکده - اولین کلوپ موتورسواری ایرانی در جهان

Monday, July 07, 2008

مهمترين ويژگی های فنی اتومبيل فرمول يک

بنز

آنچه موجب پيچيدگی بيش از حد اتومبيل فرمول يک می شود، عملکردی است که از آن انتظار می رود.

اين اتومبيل بايد بتواند در ظرف دو تا سه ثانيه، از حالت سکون، به سرعت ۱۰۰ کيلومتر در ساعت برسد و در مواردی، در طی همين مدت، سرعت خود را از بيش از ۳۲۰ کيلومتر در ساعت، به يک چهارم برساند.

اتومبيل فرمول يک همچنين بايد بتواند با سرعت بيش از ۲۰۰ کيلومتر در ساعت، کمتر از ۶۰ درجه و با سرعت حدود ۱۰۰ کيلومتر در ساعت بيش از ۱۳۰ درجه تغيير مسير بدهد.

موتور و جعبه دنده:

موتورهای هشت سيلندرفرمول يک، (۲۴۰۰ سی سی حجم) به قدرتهايی بيش از ۷۱۰ اسب بخار دست يافته اند اما از سال 2007 دور موتور به ۱۹ هزار دور در دقيقه محدود شده است

این در حالي است که وزن موتور کمتر از ۹۰ کيلوگرم است و وزن کل اتومبیل باید کمتر از 605 کیلوگرم باشد.


بعنوان مقايسه يک موتور اتومبيل های طراحی شده برای مصارف عمومی ممکن است حدود ۲۰۰۰ سی سی حجم، ۱۳۰ اسب بخار قدرت و دور موتوری معادل ۶۰۰۰ دور در دقيقه داشته باشد.

البته از آنجا که هدف اصلی موتور فرمول يک توليد حداکثر سرعت است، مصرف آن به بيش از ۶۰ ليتر در ۱۰۰ کيلومتر هم می رسد، در حاليکه اتومبيل معمولی کمتر از ۱۰ ليتر در هر ۱۰۰ کيلومتر مصرف دارد.

جعبه دنده، يکی از پيچيده ترين اجزاء اتومبيل فرمول يک محسوب می شود.

بيش از ۲۰۰ سنسور وضعيت موتور را می سنجند و با استفاده از ابزارهای کمکی، بهترين زمان برای تغيير دنده را مشخص می کنند. تغيير دنده توسط پدالی انجام می شود که پشت فرمان، به نحوه ای نصب شده که راننده با فشار انگشتان می تواند دنده عوض کند.

در طی دو فصل اخیر، تکنولوژی ساخت جعبه دنده به اندازه ای تغییر کرده است که تغيير دنده در داخل جعبه دنده در زمانی در حد چند هزارم ثانيه انجام می شود.

برای به حرکت درآوردن اتومبيل در دنده يک (در هنگام آغاز مسابقه) هم از پدالی مشابه پشت فرمان اتومبيل استفاده می شود که حکم کلاچ را دارد.

شاسی:

ساخته شده از فيبر کربن است و از آنجا که بر اساس قوانين نبايد در عملکرد آيروديناميک اتومبيل تاثير داشته باشد، کف آن صاف است.


اين قطعه انعطاف پذير، با وزنی حدود ۳۰ کيلوگرم، بايد بتواند فشار متناوب آيروديناميک را تحمل کند که گاه معادل دو تن وزن می شود.

در عين حال، چون راننده عملا در داخل شاسی می نشيند، قسمت عمده ای از ايمنی راننده، به استقامت شاسی بستگی دارد.

بدنه:

اتومبيل های معمولی، تنها به دليل ضعيف تر بودن موتور نيست که نمی توانند در سرعتی نزديک به سرعت اتومبيل فرمول يک حرکت کنند.


جريان هوايی که در زير بدنه ماشين در سرعتهای بالا ايجاد می شود، به حدی قوی است که می تواند اتومبيل را به هوا پرتاب کند.

از اين رو است که طراحی بدنه اتومبيل فرمول يک را، به بال هواپيما تشبيه می کنند؛ البته در جهت معکوس.

شکل بدنه هوا را به بالا و اتومبيل را به پايين می راند و نتيجتا باعث چسبيدن اتومبيل به زمين در سرعتهای بالا و در پيچها می شود.

اين طراحی به حدی موثر و کارآمد است که بر اساس محاسبات، اتومبيل فرمول يک می تواند بر روی سقف يک تونل حرکت کند بدون آنکه به زمين بيفتد.

نقش ديگر بدنه، راندن بخشی از هوای اطراف به سمت رادياتورهای اتومبيل جهت خنک کردن موتور و سيستمهای هيدروليک است.

سيستم فنر بندی:

مانند اتومبيل های عادی، کار اين سيستم ثابت نگه داشتن فاصله کف اتومبيل با زمين و جذب ارتعاشات است، اما در حاليکه سيستم فنر بندی اتومبيل معمولی، محدوده حرکتی تقريبا ۳۰ سانتی متری ايجاد می کند.


در اتومبيل فرمول يک، اين محدوده حرکت به سه سانتی متر در چرخهای جلو و شش سانتی متر در چرخهای عقب کاهش می يابد.

برخلاف اتومبيل های عادی، قرار نيست که اين سيستم در اتومبيل های فرمول يک، اسباب راحتی راننده را فراهم کند.

سيستم فنر بندی قابل تنظيم است و مثلا در هوای بارانی، امکان انعطاف پذيری بيشتر به سيستم داده می شود.

لاستيک و ترمز:

در حاليکه لاستيک اتومبيلهای معمولی بيش از ۱۵ هزار کيلومتر کار می کنند، لاستيک اتومبيل فرمول يک بگونه ای ساخته شده که حداکثر ۲۰۰ کيلومتر کار کند.


در اين لاستيکها ترکيبات کربن، گوگرد و روغن بکار گرفته شده که هرچه ميزان روغن بيشتر باشد، لاستيک نرم تر خواهد شد.

لاستيکها بايد حرارتی بين ۹۰ تا ۱۱۰ درجه سانتی گراد داشته باشند نتيجتا پيش از آغاز مسابقه، درجه حرارت آنها را توسط پتوهای برقی مخصوص در ۹۰ درجه ثابت نگه می دارند.

سيستم ترمز اتومبيل فرمول يک، به سيستم ترمز اتومبيل های معمولی شباهت بسياری دارد؛ اما استفاده از سيستم های مانع از قفل شدن مجاز نيست.

ديسک ترمز از فيبر کربن ساخته شده و (بسته به پيستهای مختلف) در درجه حرارت بين ۴۰۰ تا ۱۰۰۰ درجه سانتی گراد عملکرد مطلوب دارد و بوسيله هوا خنک می شود.

عمر ديسک ترمز در حد ۸۰۰ کيلومتر است.

فرمان و سيستم هدايت:

فرمان يک اتومبيل فرمول يک، وظيفه ای بسيار بيشتر از تعيين جهت حرکت اتومبيل را بر عهده دارد.


از فرمان، که برای ورود و خروج راننده، از جای خود بيرون آورده می شود، برای کنترل حدود ۱۲ مشخصه مختلف عملکرد اتومبيل استفاده می شود.

ساخت هر فرمان حدود ۴۰ هزار دلار هزينه در بر دارد و بوسيله دکمه های روی فرمان، راننده می تواند مايعات بنوشد (قمقمه از طريق يک لوله به داخل کلاه ايمنی متصل است)، با مسئولان فنی تيم از طريق راديو صحبت کند، مسابقه را شروع کند و تنظيمات مربوط به سيستم کنترل کشش و موتور را تغيير دهد.

اتومبيل فرمول يک، مجهز به سيستم هدايت هيدروليک است؛ نيم دور چرخش فرمان، برای تغيير جهت حرکت اتومبيل در يک پيچ ۹۰ درجه کافی است.

Sunday, May 25, 2008

Top Motocycle 2007



Best Superbike: Ducati 1098
Once in a while a bike comes along that changes the rules. Way back in 1994, that bike was the then-brand-new Ducati 916 taking Ten Best honors. Editors called the Duc, "The most sensational bike to appear so far this decade." Then added, "It balances stunning looks with performance and handling that is nothing less than breathtaking." Well, Ducati has done it again, releasing the beautiful 1098, and those same comments ring true 13 years later. Visually respectful of the iconic 916 and packing a new racing-derived Testastretta Evoluzione engine more than capable of running with the Japanese Fours, the 1098 is the most significant sportbike of ’07. Good news/bad news: A $3000 price drop (from the 999) made it accessible to more consumers, but good luck getting your hands on one that hasn’t already been spoken for!




Best Open Streetbike: Kawasaki ZX-14
Big performance generates big headlines, and no motorcycle created more of a stir last year than the ZX-14. Twelve months later, nothing has changed. Despite sophisticated electronics that soften power delivery in the bottom four gears, only the steamiest Open-class racer-replicas are as quick in the quarter-mile and nothing—repeat, nothing—posts a higher top speed. Yet there’s more to this highly refined, big-bore Ninja than simply neck-snapping acceleration and landscape-blurring ultimate velocity. Dual counterbalancers all but eliminate engine vibration, and the seating position and suspension calibration fall somewhere between hard-edged sportbike and long-haul sport-tourer. Performance, comfort and agility, the ZX-14 has it all.

Best Middleweight: Honda CBR600RR
All who rode Big Red’s new middleweight came away impressed, so much so that it edged out last year’s winner, the still-spectacular Triumph 675. After riding the bikes back-to-back multiple times, in all conditions and environments, we had to give the Honda its due. As a streetbike it can do no wrong. The engine cranks out impressive horsepower and is tractable all the way down in the rev-range basement. Handling has been improved dramatically, aided in part by a 16-pound drop in weight and radical new chassis geometry. Keeping things stable and giving the bike its split, road-and-track personality is the electronically controlled, speed-sensitive steering damper. The CBR proves that you don’t have to "go big" to take home the accolades.

Best Standard: Triumph Tiger 1050
It hardly seems plausible that the comparatively small bike-maker from the British Midlands should keep cranking out the hits like it has over the past several years. And yet, here is Triumph, once again. Last year, we were still high on tire smoke and wheelie-induced oxygen depravation caused by too much hooliganism on the Best Standard-winning Speed Triple. This year, we continue the very antics, only now we’ve got a fairing and increased comfort! Seriously, the Tiger 1050 takes the same three-cylinder engine bolted into a new chassis and impresses with its versatility, fun and excellent performance the first time you throw a leg over it. And with optional hard saddlebags in place, it continues to impress thousands of miles down the road.

Best Sport-Tourer: BMW K1200GT
It’s hard to figure out what the K1200GT can’t do. Its 150-plus-hp engine is capable of breathtaking acceleration, and its sophisticated shaft-drive chassis (with available adjustable-on-the-fly suspension) is fully at home decimating the backroads, droning the interstates or anything in between. A highly protective full-coverage fairing, an electrically adjustable windshield, a cushy dual seat and spacious, quick-detach saddlebags provide all-day or all-week comfort and convenience. You can complement the basic package by choosing from a mile-long list of options that include heated seat and grips, cruise control, GPS navigation, Xenon headlight and stability control. Sport-touring can be the most challenging segment of the sport, since it tries to combine the best from opposite ends of the streetbike spectrum, but for the K1200GT, it’s a no-brainer.

Best Cruiser: Harley-Davidson Fat Boy
It’s gotta be frustrating if you’re a competing bike-maker chasing after Harley-Davidson for a share of the lucrative cruiser market. Just when you think you’re close, Milwaukee takes its most popular cruiser and strokes its fuelie motor an extra 134cc, resulting in a gain of 3.5 hp and, more importantly, 12 foot-pounds of torque. Next it gets a smoother-shifting six-speed transmission and a light-effort (two fingers!) clutch pull. And who decreed that cruisers have to be uncomfortable? This one has a nice, natural seating position, like sitting on the world’s best-sounding dining-room chair. Hunker the whole thing down on lower, wider radial tires and just like that—17 years after its introduction—the Fat Boy is a Ten Best winner.

Best Touring Bike: Honda Gold Wing
Make all the jokes if you must—it’s a two-wheeled motorhome, half a car, a bike so big it has its own zip code, blah, blah, blah. But whatever wisecracks the Gold Wing might evoke, there is no better way to “get away from it all by taking most of it with you” on two wheels than the big GL. The flat-Six motor is velvety-smooth despite having locomotive-class power, the aluminum-framed chassis delivers amazing handling for a bike that weighs a six-pack short of 900 pounds, and there are enough creature comforts on board to keep even the crabbiest of riders cozy and content over the long haul. In addition to models with ABS, GPS and a premium audio system, there’s even one equipped with an airbag. Whether you’re traveling cross-country or merely across town, the ’Wing is the way to fly.

Best Dual-Sport Bike: KTM 525 EXC
Dual-sporting is back in a big way, but KTM never bought into the “dual-sport-is-dead” philosophy. For 2007, it rewarded consumers with two great off-road-based machines: 450 and 525cc versions of the 50-state-legal EXC. The bigger-brother 525 steals the limelight as a dual-purpose bike. The additional power afforded by the larger motor makes those transfer sections between the dusty parts more relaxed and gives the rider freedom to scoot through traffic at will. Point the EXC down a tight single-track or across a set of desert whoops and it tackles the terrain with the same tenacity as the company’s off-road racing machines. Dual-sporting is back and bikes like the EXC make it better than ever.

Best Enduro Bike: Kawasaki KLX450R
Hey, wait a minute, the KLX450R is a 2008 model, how is it the Best Enduro Bike of 2007? An early release had this all-new motocross-based enduro on showroom floors in April of this year. That means it was available for testing, and we evaluate bikes based on performance, not calendar dates. We’ve been more than impressed with the KLX450R since the first mile of trail disappeared under its knobs. After a solo ride, we put it up against the rainbow of enduro offerings and the Green Machine was supreme. This bike was too good to wait another year for awards when it patently deserves the crown. The KLX defines off-road versatility; thanks to Kawasaki, the mountains and desert will now look a little greener.

Best Motocrosser: Honda CRF450R
At this point in the game, Honda’s CRF450R simply rules motocross. 2007 marks the sixth-in-a-row victory for the CRF in the Best MX category–it has won every year since its introduction. In the past few years, Honda’s 450 moto-bike has fought off all-new models from Suzuki, Kawasaki, Yamaha and KTM. Though the competition gets stiffer, refinements keep the CRF ahead of the game. This year, minor headwork and a larger carburetor gave the 450 more and smoother power–just enough to keep the edge over the others. We used to wonder when the mighty Honda would be dethroned; now we’re starting to think the CRF is merely building speed for a decade of wins. It gets better every year.

Top Motorcycle 2006


Best Superbike: Suzuki GSX-R750
Escalation is a wonderful thing. Witness 160-horsepower literbikes and the savage, screaming beauty of 600cc repli-racers that are pushing 110-hp at the rear wheel. It’s all wonderful and a true enrichment of our, ahem, Cycle World. But in the process of watching and enjoying the arms race, we kept asking for lighter-handling, easier-to-ride literbikes and torquier 600s. And all the while, there has been a machine that treads the middle, one that brings power, ease-of-handling and an all-around basic goodness to the road and track in a way that is better for everyone. Yes, the Suzuki GSX-R750 has been right here all along, and it’s better than ever this year. Thank you, Suzuki, for staying the course and making the best all-around sportbike you can buy.


Best Open Streetbike: Kawasaki ZX-14
It may seem strange that a bike offering nearly 200 horsepower has taken this category in lieu of being named Best Superbike. While the new flagship Ninja–capable of sprinting the quarter-mile quicker than any production bike we’ve ever tested–certainly meets the criteria of a landmark Superbike, it’s this machine’s more docile side that has made it our choice of best overall large-caliber streetbike of the year. Through the magic of black-box mapping, the low-rev power delivery of this King Kong Kawi has been tamed to a level that even an average rider can command. And like Kong, the 14 is surprisingly agile within its weight class, making it at ease in the urban jungle and on the open road. All this and savage acceleration when there’s a need to show teeth.


Best Middleweight Streetbike: Triumph Daytona 675
The variety of engine displacements in the Middleweight category shows that rules were meant to be broken, while three all-new models prove competition is stiff. Making it all the more impressive then that the Ten Best trophy will be moving from Iwata to Hinkley. Triumph returns to what it knows best with this 675cc Triple, giving street riders what they really want–usable real-world power. Handling was never a Daytona deficiency, but the 675’s chassis with top-of-the-line brakes and suspension takes it to a new level and completes the package. The Daytona 675 is a truly versatile bike equally potent on the road or track. Add in its pretty face and what’s not to like? Welcome to the Bigs, Triumph.

Best Standard: Triumph Speed Triple
It’s only fitting that the British invented "streetfighters"–sporty motorcycles stripped of their bodywork and fitted with taller handlebars. Bikes of that ilk have evolved into new-age "standards," and no one currently builds a better one than Triumph with its 1050cc Speed Triple. Winner of last year’s Best Open-Class Streetbike award, this bug-eyed, bob-tailed naked bike can shred a backroad like a card-carrying repli-racer, pumps out gobs of torque at any rpm in every gear, and has a comfy chassis with a sit-up riding position ideal for everything from an hour-long commute to a day-long ride. If you have one scintilla of hooliganism in you–or an ounce of practicality–there’s a Speed Triple somewhere with your name on it.



Best Sport-Tourer: BMW K1200GT
The strengths and capabilities of a sport-touring bike should be as varied and rich as the roads and destinations in this world. Further, the best bikes in the class should suggest such promise and adventure on even the shortest ride. While last year’s winning Yamaha FJR1300 didn’t make the ’06 voting deadline in standard or push-button-shift "AE" model form, we got the feeling it wouldn’t have mattered. From Electronic Suspension Adjustment to heated grips and seat to electrically adjustable windscreen to capacious saddlebags to the incredible urge of its 152-horsepower inline-Four, the BMW K1200GT is a leap forward in swift comfort and cornering composure. All the bikes in this class promise a lot in terms of how far you can go and how much fun you can have getting there. The BMW K1200GT promises more.

Best Cruiser: Yamaha Star Roadliner
Every manufacturer hopes to hit a home run with a new model, but with the Star Roadliner, Yamaha has belted a game-winning grand slam. Beneath this bike’s wall-to-wall art-deco styling is a big-inch cruiser that performs better than its competition in virtually every way. Its 1854cc, counter-balanced, 48-degree engine is a torque-rich powerhouse that belts out the soulful sound and visceral feel that can only emanate from a narrow-angle V-Twin. It’s a big motorcycle, but thanks to its stiff aluminum chassis, low cg, high-quality suspension and intelligent mass centralization, the ’Liner feels and handles much smaller. It has excellent cornering manners, superb straight-line stability, easy maneuverability and a truly pleasant ride. Touch ’em all!




Best Touring Bike: Honda GL1800 Gold Wing
After two years of watching BMW take home the, uh, "gold" in this category, the Gold Wing is back on the top step of the podium, earning the Best Touring Bike award for the 16th time. Mechanically, the 2006 Wing isn’t much different than the ’05, but Honda finally made available some long-overdue accessories (GPS, as well as heated grips, seat and passenger backrest) this year, and that was sufficient to swing our vote back in the big Six’s favor. So, with a smoothie of an engine that could move mountains, a plush, spacious cockpit, great weather protection and remarkably competent handling for a motorcycle of its size, the Gold Wing returns as the finest over-the-road traveling companion on two wheels.



Best Dual-Sport Bike: Husqvarna TE510
After a two-year hiatus for a little fun with big-hearted Playbikes, we’ve reinstated the Dual-Sport category. Fueled by new entries from three different manufacturers, there’s movement in this class, and the multi-tasking, eco-friendly bikes are now better then ever. Choices range from tree-slaloming 250cc machines all the way up to 1200cc beasts, but roosting ahead this year is Husqvarna with its 50-state-street-legal line of enduro machines. And out of that group the big-boomer TE510 is the pick, a full-on race-ready bike but with DOT tires and turnsignals. Hey, the TE fulfills most every off-roader’s dream–a real dirtbike that will carve backroads, run errands and even take you to work–the long way, of course.

Best Enduro Bike: KTM 450 EXC
Versatility, thy name is 450 EXC–at least when it comes to off-road riding. Enduro riders are the long-distance runners of the moto-world; they need a bike that is easy to ride, a bike that will do the heavy lifting for them, a bike capable of going almost anywhere in conditions that would have lesser riders back home in bed. This KTM is that bike. Already blessed with traction-seeking four-stroke power, electric starting, supple suspension and almost intuitive handling, for ’06 the orange bike received recalibrated fork/shock settings, a revised steering-head angle and a new carburetor. More than enough to take it to the top of Enduro Bike Mountain, wheelying all the way.

Best Motocrosser: Honda CRF450R
Four was a coup but five spells dynasty. That’s how many years the Honda CRF450R has dominated the Best MX category. Honda didn’t have to do much to keep the CRF at the top of the heap, but leaving things unchanged just isn’t its style. Refinements were made to fine-tune an already excellent package. The engine’s position in the chassis was moved to lower the center of gravity, while other minor tweaks were made to improve durability. Changes to the suspension, including revalving the fork and shock, allow the CRF to glide over bumps and through the whoops. All of this adds up to a better-handling, better-performing CRF450R. Can Big Red make it six in a row?



Monday, March 10, 2008

معرفی تیمها و رانندگان فصل جدید 'موتوجی‌پی'


ریزلا سوزوکی: لوریس کپراسی، سه بار قهرمان رقابتهای مختلف موتوجی‌پی، کهنه سرباز ایتالیایی این مسابقات است که اولین بار17 سال پیش در مسابقات 125 سی‌سی به مقام اول رسیده بود. کریس ورمیولان 25 ساله استرالیایی، شهرتش به خاطر رانندگی در باران و ثبت اولین پیروز تیم سوزوکی پس از شش سال در گراندپری له-مان فرانسه است.

معرفی تیمها و رانندگان فصل جدید 'موتوجی‌پی'

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کاوازاکی ریسینگ: جان هاپکینز، راننده آمریکایی از والدین انگلیسی پس از شش سال حضورش در موتوجی‌پی تنها توانسته است یکبار در مسابقه مرحله چین 2007 همراه تیم سابقش سوزوکی، بر سکوی سومی برود و در مکان چهارم لیست قهرمانی قرار بگیرد. آنتونی وست راننده 26 ساله استرالیایی با حل مشکل پشتوانه مالی، بالاخره از اواسط فصل گذشته به عنوان راننده ثابت تیم کاوازاکی به رقابت می پردازد.

معرفی تیمها و رانندگان فصل جدید 'موتوجی‌پی'


تیم تک 3 - یاماها: جیمز تاسلند راننده 27 ساله بریتانیایی، قهرمان دوبار سوپربایک جهانی، اولین سال خود در این رقابتها را پشت سر می گذارد. هم تیمی او کالین ادوارد آمریکایی، مانند تاسلند قهرمان دو دوره سوپربایک جهانی شده است. او از تیم اصلی یاماها به تیم دوم آن آمده است تا امید برنده شدن را پس از پنج سال حضورش در این رقابتها زنده کند.

Mehdi Asghari (Hadi-Busa)

Mehdi Asghari (Hadi-Busa)
San Francisco, USA